tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21802138789832389602024-02-19T01:33:55.047-05:00a filosofer's thotsWayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-80649730040244201532019-03-26T21:31:00.001-04:002019-03-27T15:34:00.794-04:00Quantum Theory Confirmed Again<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Last week, Justin Weinberg asked me and some other people whether we’d be willing to contribute to a group blog post commenting on a paper [1] that had been making the rounds on social media. You can find our responses <a href="http://dailynous.com/2019/03/21/philosophers-physics-experiment-suggests-theres-no-thing-objective-reality/" target="_blank">over at <i>Daily Nous</i>.</a></div>
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Justin asked that our contributions be relatively short, to get the discussion going. So, of course, what I did was write a short piece, realize that it was about twice the length that Justin had asked for, and then applied surgery. Here’s my full piece, which I’ve added to since then, explaining in a bit more detail what the de Broglie-Bohm theory says about the Wigner-Brukner thought experiment.</div>
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Headline news!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stop
the presses!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A group of experimenters
did an experiment, and the results came out exactly the way that our best
physical theory of such things says it should, just as everyone expected. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Quantum Theory Confirmed Again</i>.</div>
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That’s what actually happened, though you’d never know it
from the clickbait headline: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A quantum
experiment suggests there’s no such thing as objective reality</i> [1].</div>
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The experiment [2] was inspired by a recent paper by Časlav
Brukner, entitled “A No-Go Theorem for Observer-Independent Facts” [3]. The
abstract of the paper reporting on the experiment proclaims, “This result lends
considerable strength to interpretations of quantum theory already set in an
observer-dependent framework and demands for revision of those which are not.”</div>
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Here’s a convenient feature of claims of this sort: when you
see one, you can be sure, without even going through the details of the
argument, that any conclusion to the effect that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the predictions of quantum mechanics are incompatible with an objective,
observer-independent reality</i>, is simply and plainly false. That is because
we have a theory that yields all of the predictions of standard quantum
mechanics and coherently describes a single, observer-independent world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the theory that was presented already
in 1927 by Louis de Broglie, and was rediscovered in 1952 by David Bohm, and is
either called the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">de Broglie-Bohm pilot
wave theory</i>, or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bohmian mechanics</i>,
depending on who you’re talking to.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You
can be confident that, if you went through the details of a thought-experiment,
then (provided that the thought-experiment is sufficiently well-specified), you
would find that the de Broglie-Bohm theory gives a consistent,
observer-independent, one-world account of the goings on in the experiment, an
account that is in complete accord with standard quantum mechanics with regards
to predictions of experimental outcomes.</div>
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The way that the de-Broglie Bohm theory achieves this is
interesting. It is a theory on which the world consists of well-localized
particles that obey a non-classical law of motion. There’s always a matter of
fact about where things are, on this theory. It’s a deterministic theory, so,
given initial conditions, the result of any experiment is determined. But what
that result is can depend on what other experiments are performed at the same
time; it’s what is called a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">contextual</i>
hidden-variables theory. Moreover, it’s a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nonlocal</i>
theory: the result of an experiment will sometimes depend on what other
experiments are performed at a distance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is no accident; Bell’s theorem (see [4]) shows that any theory of
this sort has to be nonlocal.</div>
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There are other theories, known as dynamical collapse
theories, which also yield accounts of a single, observer-independent
reality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These theories yield virtually
the same predictions as standard quantum mechanics for all experiments that are
currently feasible, but differ from the predictions of quantum mechanics for some
experiments involving macroscopic objects.</div>
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Much of the confusion surrounding quantum mechanics, which
leads smart people to say foolish things, stems from the fact that, in the
usual textbook presentations, we are not presented with a coherent physical
theory. Typical textbook presentations incorporate something that is called the
“collapse postulate.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This postulate
tells you that, when an experiment is done, you dispense with the usual rule
for evolving quantum states, and replace the quantum state by one corresponding
to the actual outcome of the experiment (which, typically, could not have been
predicted from the quantum state). This is call “quantum state collapse.” There
is some ambiguity as to its status, which reflects ambiguity as to the status
of quantum states. Sometimes collapse is taken to be a real physical process
(which it would have to be, if a quantum state represents something physically
real); sometimes, collapse is taken to involve mere updating of information
(which would be appropriate if a quantum state represents nothing more than an
agent’s knowledge about a system). Confusion arises if the two views of
collapse are conflated.</div>
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If we want to apply the collapse postulate, we need guidance
as to when to apply it, and when to use the usual quantum dynamics, and
textbooks are inevitably vague on this. In practice, this vagueness tends not
to matter much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But a thought-experiment
devised by Eugene Wigner [5] imagines a situation in which it does matter.
Brukner’s thought-experiment is a combination of Wigner’s thought-experiment
and tests of Bell inequalities.</div>
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In the variant of Wigner’s thought-experiment invoked by
Brukner, a friend of Wigner’s, named <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Friend</i>,
who is locked in a hermetically sealed lab, does an experiment, with two
possible results, which we will call <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">up</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">down</i>, on a particle that is
prepared in a particular, known quantum state, chosen so that the two outcomes
of the experiment have equal probability. Wigner considers the quantum state of
the content of Friend’s lab. If the collapse postulate is applied at the end of
Friend’s experiment, the quantum state of the lab should be the one corresponding
to the result that Friend obtained, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>up</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">down</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If, on the other hand, the no-collapse rules
of quantum state evolution apply, the quantum state is a state that is
represented as a sum of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">up</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">down</i> states.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJuayXD1a9poY-9IpJzBX6ajqzCshiQMjnYSqJEfWnie1cnKLsvJHblHGSIF-_XS5fCAPw31wSR2sPY-J__IbVB8wdb8FoFtd0dXso99XXttREEOySI8mh_XITDYhhektKleE_dDlAsio/s1600/Fig1a.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="550" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJuayXD1a9poY-9IpJzBX6ajqzCshiQMjnYSqJEfWnie1cnKLsvJHblHGSIF-_XS5fCAPw31wSR2sPY-J__IbVB8wdb8FoFtd0dXso99XXttREEOySI8mh_XITDYhhektKleE_dDlAsio/s400/Fig1a.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Fig. 1. Wigner's Friend thought-experiment. From [3].</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Moreover, if Wigner has unlimited powers of manipulation and
no qualms about doing violence to his friend, the question of whether the
quantum state is collapsed when Friend does her experiment can be decided
experimentally.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">easiest</i> way to do this would probably be to precisely reverse the
velocity of everything inside Friend’s lab and wait a while, so that the
experiment is undone, removing any trace, in Friend’s memory, her lab
equipment, and any system that might carry a record of the experimental result,
of the outcome of the experiment. For the sake of argument suppose this could
be done.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then, if no collapse has occurred,
this would restore the original state of the particle that Friend experimented
upon, and we could then do an experiment to test for this state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Label the results of this experiment <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yes</i> or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">no</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If no collapse occurs
when Friend does her experiment, the result will be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yes</i> with certainty, and, if Friend’s experiment collapses the
state, the result will be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">yes</i> with
probability ½ and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">no</i> with probability
½. A Wigner with the powers we are imagining him to have could do the
experiment repeatedly, and so determine whether or not Friend’s experiment
collapses the quantum state.</div>
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What do the two observer-independent theories we have
mentioned would say about this thought experiment? The de Broglie-Bohm theory
says that the quantum state always obeys the usual, no-collapse law of
evolution. However, the quantum state isn’t an exhaustive description of
physical reality; at the end of Friend’s experiment, there is an objective
matter of fact about which result she obtained. Wigner can verify that the
quantum state has not collapsed, but only at the expense of erasing Friend’s
memory and any other trace of the outcome. None of this is an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad hoc</i> adjustment of the theory to
handle cases like this, it’s what the theory, as we have it, tells us about
this case.</div>
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A collapse theory would also say that Friend has obtained a
definite result. But, on a theory like that, when Wigner does his experiment to
determine whether the quantum state has collapsed, he would find that it has.</div>
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Obviously, Proietti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et
al.</i> have not achieved a full-blown realization of the Wigner-Brukner
thought-experiment. The equivalent of the Friend, in their experiment, is a
single photon. The set-up of their experiment, unlike that of the full-blown Wigner’s
Friend thought-experiment, is one in which collapse theories predict no
collapse.</div>
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Puzzlement about the Wigner thought-experiment stems from the
conjunction of (1) an assumption that, if the quantum state hasn’t collapsed,
there’s no matter of fact about what the result of Friend’s experiment is
(false on the de Broglie-Bohm theory) and (2) an assumption that Wigner will
find that the state has not collapsed (false on a collapse theory).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Any theory according to which there is an
objective, observer-independent world must violate one of these assumptions.</div>
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Brukner’s version of the thought-experiment involves a pair
of hermetically sealed labs, each containing an observer playing the role of
Wigner’s friend, and an observer outside each of these labs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The external observers, named, Alice and Bob,
each have a choice of two experiments that they can perform on the contents of
the two labs (which, of course, include the internal observer,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>who are named Charlie and Debbie).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The possible experiments of Alice (carried
out on Charlie’s lab) are labelled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>1</sub>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub>, and the possible
experiments of Bob (carried out on Debbie’s lab) are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>1 </sub>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>2</sub>.
The experiments <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>1</sub>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>1</sub> are chosen so that they
amount to asking Charlie and Debbie what they saw.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The experiments <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>2</sub>
are chosen to be equivalent to the sort of experiment that Wigner is imagined
to do, in the Wigner’s friend thought experiment.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjl7BPMWSRJtYur0CmnJ0Ql8FRojvO0NjUS5qsY6yy_JPDpKOcZMMpOrTe0XRR_nSz-f0Hq8RzrKTpVd2gvd7lbWurBPOec_utgQEyF2sROsswJAgiYzO2lxRQ38q994ji4jCHQ5xo6Zg/s1600/Fig2a.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="202" data-original-width="768" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjl7BPMWSRJtYur0CmnJ0Ql8FRojvO0NjUS5qsY6yy_JPDpKOcZMMpOrTe0XRR_nSz-f0Hq8RzrKTpVd2gvd7lbWurBPOec_utgQEyF2sROsswJAgiYzO2lxRQ38q994ji4jCHQ5xo6Zg/s400/Fig2a.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Fig. 2. Brukner's thought-experiment. From [3].</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Charlie and Debbie perform their experiments on a pair of
particles prepared in a quantum state that is chosen so that (on the assumption
that the usual rule of quantum evolution applies to their experiments, and
there’s no collapse), the predicted quantum statistics for Alice and Bob’s
experiment violate a Bell inequality. This has the consequence, via a theorem
due to Arthur Fine [6], that we can’t think of these statistics as arising from
a probability distribution over definite values of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>1</sub>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>1</sub>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>2</sub>, that are merely revealed upon measurement.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What does the de Broglie-Bohm theory say about this
experiment?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, that Charlie and
Debbie will observe definite outcomes, and that Alice and Bob can learn these
outcomes by performing experiments <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>1
</sub>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>1</sub>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Second, if an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub> experiment is performed on Charlie’s lab, all trace
of Charlie’s result will be erased, and if a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>2</sub> experiment is performed on Debbie’s lab, all trace of
her result will be erased.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The quantum state used in the experiment predicts
correlations between the outcomes of the experiments, and the de Broglie-Bohm
theory will get these right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>1</sub><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> B</i><sub>1</sub> experiments are performed in a repeated series of
tests, Bob’s result will be correlated with Alice’s result, and hence with
Charlie’s result, which is reflected in Alice’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>1</sub><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> B</i><sub>2</sub> experiments are
performed, again, Bob’s result will be correlated with Alice’s, and hence also
with Charlie’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> B</i><sub>1</sub>
experiments are performed, Alice’s result will be correlated with Bob’s, and
hence also with Debbie’s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s at this
point that it looks like there’s a conflict with quantum mechanics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> B</i><sub>2</sub> experiments are
performed, the de Broglie-Bohm theory predicts that the results are correlated,
just the way quantum mechanics says that they should be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You might be tempted to conclude that, in
this case, Alice’s result is still correlated with Debbie’s, and Bob’s with
Charlie’s, on the (reasonable-seeming) assumption that Alice’s result is still
the same as it would have been if Bob had done the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>1</sub> experiment, and Bob’s result is the same as it would
have been if Alice had done the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>1</sub> experiment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But (as I already mentioned) this can’t be done: there’s no
way to maintain all four of the pairwise correlations:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. The correlation between the results obtained by Charles
and Debbie.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. The correlation between the results of Alice’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub>-experiment and Bob’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>2</sub>-experiment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. The correlation between the result of Alice’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub>-experiment and Debbie’s result,
which we would have found if Bob had done a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>1</sub>-experiment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. The correlation between the result of Bob’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>2</sub>-experiment and Charlie’s result,
which we would have found if Alice had done an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>1</sub>-experiment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For the cases in which Alice does an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub>-experiment and Bob does a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>2</sub>-experiment, the de Broglie-Bohm theory is obliged to
respect the quantum correlations in (2).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since Charlie and Debbie actually do their experiments, and obtain
results (and, in principle, could have compared them if Alice and Bob had not
intervened), the theory also respects the quantum correlations in (1).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It predicts that, in the cases in which Alice
does an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub>-experiment and Bob
does a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>2</sub>-experiment, at
least one of the correlations (3) and (4), represented by blue lines in Figure 3, will be broken. Exactly how will depend crucially on the details of
how the experiments are done (for example: if Alice does her experiment first,
and then Bob, Alice’s results will still be correlated with Debbie’s, but Bob’s resuls won't be correlated with Charlie’s).<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwtla36DOAp-rIa5c0areYde8uxgfnHGjGWv1xvp3LXRf7QP0QIHuTaDmT-mhcK9fguI3P8bJfh0ikOOgJl3cAxMWtIxhi3byhQcvRk4EXQ9DhEFB0r28eUiHjCTIsEoWw_l8mPyma2eI/s1600/Fig3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="628" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwtla36DOAp-rIa5c0areYde8uxgfnHGjGWv1xvp3LXRf7QP0QIHuTaDmT-mhcK9fguI3P8bJfh0ikOOgJl3cAxMWtIxhi3byhQcvRk4EXQ9DhEFB0r28eUiHjCTIsEoWw_l8mPyma2eI/s400/Fig3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 3.</b> In the cases in which <i>A</i><sub>2</sub> and <i>B</i><sub>2</sub> experiments are done, the de Broglie-Bohm theory yields the quantum correlations between Charlie’s and Debbie’s results, and between Alice’s and Bob’s, at the expense of the correlations indicated by the blue lines. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Could we check to see whether, in this case, the
correlations (3) and (4) are maintained? No, because, as we’ve emphasized, Alice’s
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A</i><sub>2</sub>-experiment requires erasing
all trace of Charlie’s result, and Bob’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B</i><sub>2</sub>-experiment
requires erasing all trace of Debbie’s result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The de Broglie-Bohm theory promises only to recover quantum probabilistic
predictions for all records of experimental results that exist at a given
time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And it does that.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>References</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[1] “<a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613092/a-quantum-experiment-suggests-theres-no-such-thing-as-objective-reality/">A
quantum experiment suggests there’s no such thing as objective reality.</a>” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">MIT Technology Review</i>, March 12, 2019.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>[2] Proietti,
Massimo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al. </i>, “Experimental
rejection of observer-independence in the quantum world.” <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.05080v1">arXiv:1902.05080v1</a><span class="arxivid"> [quant-ph].</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[3] Brukner, Časlav , “<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/20/5/350">A No-Go Theorem for
Observer-Independent Facts</a>,” <i>Entropy</i> <i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">20 </span></b></i><i><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(2018)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">,</b></span></i> 350. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[4] Myrvold, Wayne, Marco Genovese, Marco and Abner Shimony,
“<a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bell-theorem/">Bell’s Theorem</a>.”
<i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2019 Edition), Edward
N. Zalta (ed.).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[5] Wigner, Eugene, “Remarks on the mind-body question,” in <i>The
Scientist Speculates</i>, I. J. Good (ed.). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>London,
Heinemann, 1961: 284–302.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[6] Arthur Fine, “<a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.291" target="_blank">Hidden variables, joint probability, and the Bell inequalities.</a>” <i>Physical Review Letters</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">48 </b>(1982): 291–295.</div>
WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-37110445613742270932019-01-03T14:28:00.004-05:002019-01-03T14:50:19.282-05:00Actual philosophers talking about particle physicsIn <a href="http://backreaction.blogspot.com/2019/01/electrons-dont-think.html" target="_blank">yesterday's Backreaction post</a>, Sabine Hossenfelder takes on a <a href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/imp/jcs/2018/00000025/f0020005/art00006" target="_blank">paper </a>by <a href="https://www.bernardokastrup.com/" target="_blank">Bernardo Kastrup</a> that argues for a form of panpsychism. Neither panpsychism nor Kastrup will receive any defense from me. What interests me is the way she summarizes her post at the end:<br />
<blockquote>
<i>
Summary: If a philosopher starts speaking about elementary particles, run.</i></blockquote>
Now, some people enjoy ridiculing philosophers who talk about things they don't understand. Those who want to engage in it will surely be disappointed to learn that Kastrup is <i>not </i>a professional philosopher. According to <a href="https://www.bernardokastrup.com/" target="_blank">his website</a>, his Ph.D. is in computer engineering. He lists no affiliation with any academic department of philosophy (though he does say that he has worked at CERN and at the Philips Research Laboratories).<br />
<br />
This may leave readers wondering what sorts of things actual professional philosophers say when they talk about particle physics. If you're interested, I have two suggestions.<br />
<ul>
<li>One good place to start is the<a href="https://www.lhc-epistemologie.uni-wuppertal.de/home.html" target="_blank"> Epistemology of the LHC Project</a>, based in Wuppertal.</li>
<br />
<li>I also suggest, as a general rule, that if you want a sense of what's happening in any area of philosophy of physics, take a look at recent issues of a journal that I co-edit, <a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science-part-b-studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-modern-physics" target="_blank">Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</a>. You can, for example, do a<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/search?qs=%22particle%20physics%22&pub=Studies%20in%20History%20and%20Philosophy%20of%20Science%20Part%20B%3A%20Studies%20in%20History%20and%20Philosophy%20of%20Modern%20Physics&cid=271767&show=25&sortBy=relevance" target="_blank"> search on keyword "particle physics."</a> Run with it!</li>
</ul>
WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-65257082182852670032017-07-13T11:34:00.000-04:002017-07-13T12:47:26.530-04:00Earth-to-space quantum teleportation: not yet?<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/12/scotty-can-you-beam-me-up-scientists-teleport-photons-300-miles-into-space" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="619" height="93" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhELLxCo-ivo7RjzEtCcqxjn0-GXrPHBEyLCb7BQ2AwJNd7wEvINQtV3jwFPy0IiOC9LfIYBWOUHfnLu6d5X6sVqdNgDUxB7PbQ2t6kSo3YSsSe44tanNbJdgmvQaF_adRnfMaVtyqyqaw/s320/Guardian.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/12/scotty-can-you-beam-me-up-scientists-teleport-photons-300-miles-into-space" target="_blank">From The Guardian, July 12</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The headlines the past few days have been full of stories about an experiment performed by a Chinese group of researchers. You can read the report of the experiment here, if you like:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="title mathjax" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.00934" target="_blank">Ren, <i>et al.</i>, Ground-to-satellite quantum teleportation, <span class="arxivid">arXiv:1707.00934v1</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The claims about ground-to-space quantum teleportation are, I'm sorry to say, misleading. and not merely for the usual reason, that what's called "quantum teleportation" is nothing at all like a Star Trek transporter. In this case, it's because what was done i<i>sn't even what's usually called quantum teleportation</i> between the earth lab and the satellite.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The quantum teleportation protocol (see any good book on quantum information theory, or <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1895" target="_blank">the original paper</a>), involves preparing a pair of particles, say, photons, in a maximally entangled state. One of the pair is given to Alice, the sender, and the other, to Bob, who is some distance away. The cool thing is that, once they share this entangled pair, they can use it to prepare Bob's photon in some desired state (which might even be unknown to both Alice and Bob), with less classical communication than would otherwise be required.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Here's how it works. Alice is given a photon in the desired state. Call this photon #1, and call the pair shared by Alice and Bob, photons #2 and #3. Alice performs what is known as a Bell-State Measurement (BSM) on photons 1 and 2. This is an operation that leaves photons 1 and 2 in one of four maximally entangled states, and projects Bob's photon, #3, into a state that, depending on the outcome of the BSM, is either the desired state or related to it in a simple way. Alice then communicates the result of the BSM to Bob (this involves distinguishing between four possibilities, and so requires only two classical bits), who then knows what he has to do to put his photon into the desired state. The possible choices for the desired state are endless. This means that communicating what the desired state is to Bob, via classical communication, would require an unlimited amount of classical communication. The shared entanglement drastically reduces the amount of classical communication desired.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The key to this, and what makes it hard to do, is that Alice and Bob must first share entangled particles, and it's not easy to maintain entanglement over a distance.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
But that's something that the Ren <i>et al.</i> teleportation experiment did <i>not </i>do. They produced the entangled pair 2,3 in the earth-based lab (Ngiri), perform the Bell-State Measurement, which disentangles 2 from 3, on the ground, and <i>then </i>send photon 3 to the satellite (Micius). In the report, they write,</div>
<br />
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In the current work, the entangled photon source and the BSM are performed at the same location on the ground. A next step toward real network connections is to realize long-distance entanglement distribution prior to the BSM.</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
No long-distance entanglement, no long-distance teleportation.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In a separate experiment, reported in a paper uploaded one day after the first, the group exhibited long-distance entanglement distribution.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="title mathjax" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.01339" target="_blank">Yin, et al., Satellite-Based Entanglement Distribution Over 1200 kilometers. arXiv:1707.01339</a> </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
But, if I'm reading these papers correctly, they haven't yet combined the two. So, they're <i>close</i> to earth-to-satellite quantum teleportation. But they're not there yet. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-72337649421751640482016-05-10T13:45:00.000-04:002016-05-10T14:31:02.557-04:00Did Bergson Influence Einstein’s Nobel Prize? <div style="text-align: justify;">
<b> </b>In a recent book, <i>The Physicist & the Philosopher </i>(Princeton University Press, 2015), and in a <a href="http://nautil.us/issue/35/boundaries/this-philosopher-helped-ensure-there-was-no-nobel-for-relativity" target="_blank"><i>Nautilus post</i> a few weeks ago</a>, historian Jimena Canales claims that the philosopher Henri Bergson’s criticisms of relativity theory influenced the Nobel Prize committee in its deliberations regarding a prize for Einstein, and helped ensure that there would be no Nobel Prize for relativity.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b> </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Interesting, if true. Moreover, if true, this is something that has evaded Einstein’s biographers, and so would be a major contribution to Einstein scholarship. But I’m not convinced.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b></b><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Why not? Canales’ claim is based, not on new documentary evidence previously unavailable to historians, but on a novel and idiosyncratic reinterpretation of something that has long been in the public record, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/press.html" target="_blank">the presentation speech by Svante Arrhenius</a>, Chair of the Nobel Prize Committee. I don’t think that the text of the speech bears out Canales’ interpretation. Moreover, Canales’ claim is at odds with the conclusion drawn by Abraham Pais, who was permitted to examine the documents considered by the Nobel Prize committee and devoted a section of his biography of Einstein to what he found. I will quote Pais’ conclusion below.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Background: in 1905, his “<i>annus mirabilis,</i>” Einstein published a number of seminal papers. This included the classic papers on special relativity, one on Brownian motion, and one in which he introduced the hypothesis of light quanta. From this hypothesis Einstein derived a prediction about the photoelectric effect: that there would be a linear relation between the energy of electrons released by light impinging on a metal and the frequency of the light. This relation was confirmed in 1916 by the careful experiments of Robert Millikan. In 1915 Einstein added the general theory of relativity to his list of accomplishments, and it was Eddington's eclipse observations of 1919, verifying a prediction of general relativity, that brought him widespread fame outside the physics community. By 1921 it was clear that he deserved a Nobel prize, and there was an embarrassment of riches as to <i>what</i> to base the award on.<br />
<br />
Honestly, I would have regarded it as a tough call. The 1905 paper on special relativity is terrific, but it's largely a (much-needed) clarification of the foundations of electrodynamics, and much of its content is foreshadowed in the work of others, notably Lorentz and Poincaré. I've recently had occasion to read through much of Einstein's work on the light quantum hypothesis (in conjunction with supervising a dissertation by Molly Kao), and I've come to appreciate how instrumental Einstein was in the development of the quantum theory. General relativity is certainly worth a Nobel Prize, but nonetheless, I’m not sure that the Nobel Prize committee’s decision to single out the light quantum work was not the right decision.<br />
<br />
At any rate, in 1922 Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for 1921 (deferred one year). The
citation said that the Prize was “<span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><i>for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.</i></span><span itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">” Here's what Arrhenius says in the opening of his <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/press.html" target="_blank">presentation speech</a>.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 22.5pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen.<br />
<br />
There is probably no physicist living today whose name has become so widely known as that of Albert Einstein. Most discussion centres on his theory of relativity. This pertains essentially to
epistemology and has therefore been the subject of lively debate
in philosophical circles. It will be no secret that the famous
philosopher Bergson in Paris has challenged this theory, while
other philosophers have acclaimed it wholeheartedly. The theory
in question also has astrophysical implications which are being
rigorously examined at the present time.<br />
<br />
Throughout the first decade of this century the so-called
Brownian movement stimulated the keenest interest. In 1905
Einstein founded a kinetic theory to account for this movement by
means of which he derived the chief properties of suspensions,
i.e. liquids with solid particles suspended in them. This theory,
based on classical mechanics, helps to explain the behaviour of
what are known as colloidal solutions, a behaviour which has been
studied by <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html">Svedberg</a>, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1926/index.html">Perrin</a>, <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1925/index.html">Zsigmondy</a> and
countless other scientists within the context of what has grown
into a large branch of science, colloid chemistry.<br />
<br />
A third group of studies, for which in particular Einstein has
received the Nobel Prize, falls within the domain of the quantum
theory founded by Planck in 1900. This theory asserts that
radiant energy consists of individual particles, termed “quanta”,
approximately in the same way as matter is made up of particles,
i.e. atoms. This remarkable theory, for which Planck received the
<a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/index.html">Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918</a>,
suffered from a variety of drawbacks and about the middle of the
first decade of this century it reached a kind of impasse. Then
Einstein came forward with his work on specific heat and the
photoelectric effect ...<br />
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Compare this with Canales’ account of the presentation speech (quoting from the <a href="http://nautil.us/issue/35/boundaries/this-philosopher-helped-ensure-there-was-no-nobel-for-relativity" target="_blank">Nautilus post</a>, which reproduces, close to word-for-word, the opening pages of the book):</div>
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The chairman for the Nobel Committee for Physics explained that although “most discussion centers on his theory of relativity,” it did not merit the prize. Why not? The reasons were surely varied and complex, but the culprit mentioned that evening was clear: “It will be no secret that the famous philosopher Bergson in Paris has challenged this theory.” Bergson had shown that relativity “pertains to epistemology” rather than to physics—and so it “has therefore been the subject of lively debate in philosophical circles.”<br />
<br /></div>
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One thing leaps out: Canales attributes a role to Bergson that Arrhenius does not. Arrhenius does not say that Bergson had shown that relativity pertains to epistemology; he says that relativity “pertains especially to epistemology” and for this reason has been a topic of discussions, pro and con, by philosophers, and he says this <i>before </i>mentioning Bergson. He then says that the theory has been challenged by one philosopher, Bergson, and acclaimed wholeheartedly by others.</div>
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Crucially, he <i>does not</i> say that Bergson’s criticisms played any role in the Prize Committee’s deliberations. Canales says that it would have been clear to the audience that Bergson was being mentioned as an explanation for why it was the photoelectric effect, rather than relativity, that was singled out for specific recognition among Einstein’s contributions to theoretical physics, but this is her interpretation, and she offers no evidence that anyone in the audience took it that way. Canales’ claim that Bergson’s criticisms influenced the Committee’s decision is based solely on this reading of what Arrhenius said that day; this seems to me a very thin thread on which to hang such a claim.</div>
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Some light on what <i>did</i> influence the decision is shed in the section entitled “How Einstein got the Nobel Prize” of Pais’ biography, <i>‘Subtle is the Lord...’</i>. Pais was given access to Committee Reports and letters of proposal concerning Einstein's Nobel Prize, and he reports on these documents in that section. Pais does not report any mention of Bergson’s critiques during the Committee’s deliberations. What do seem to have played a crucial role are reports prepared in 1921 and 1922 by Committee member Allvar Gullstrand on the status of the theory of relativity, written at the request of the Committee. These reports, says Pais, are “highly critical of relativity.” (Canales omits mention of these reports, though, in the book, she cites this section of Pais’ book, and quotes from his conclusion.)</div>
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Pais sums up his conclusions about why Einstein was not awarded the Nobel Prize for relativity in the final paragraphs of that section, which I quote in full.</div>
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Why did Einstein not get the Nobel prize for relativity? Largely, I believe, because the Academy was under so much pressure to award him. The many letters sent in his behalf were never the result of any campaign. Leading physicists had recognized him for what he was. It is understandable that the Academy was in no hurry to award relativity before experimental issues were clarified, first in special relativity, later in general relativity. It was the Academy’s bad fortune not to have anyone among its members who could competently evaluate the content of relativity theory in early years. Oseen’s proposal to give the award for the photoeffect must have come as a relief of conflicting pressures.<br />
<br />
Was the photoeffect worth a Nobel prize? Without a doubt. Einstein’s paper on that subject was the first application of quantum theory to systems other than pure radiation. That paper showed true genius. The order of awards for quantum physics was perfect: first Planck, then Einstein, then Bohr. It is a touching twist of history that the Committee, conservative by inclination, would honor Einstein for the most revolutionary contribution he ever made to physics.</div>
WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-64435457630257775892015-12-12T12:55:00.000-05:002015-12-14T11:54:02.546-05:00Decision problems in continuous spaces: a follow-up<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Follow-up to Thursday's post, clarifying what the issue is, as <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I now have a better understa<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">nding of what <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cu<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">bitt et al. </span></span>achieved.</span></span><br /><br />Here's the tl;dr version: The question addressed is by Cubitt et al is, in their words, "Given a quantum many-body Hamiltonian, is the system to be described gapped or gapless?" They show that, in a very strong sense, the problem is undecidable. My claim is that this is much more than is needed to demonstrate undecidability in the sense relevant to decision problems in physics, and that, in the sense relevant to physics, undecidability is generic. [<i>Edited 12</i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>-13-15</i>]</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Question: what should be meant by a decision problem of this sort?</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When it comes to decision problems regarding sets of integers, there's no issue. Thanks to Church, Turing, and Post, we have a well-agreed upon definition of computable function on the natural numbers, and of decidable subset of the natural numbers: a subset <i>A</i> of the natural numbers is decidable if and only if it is recursive, that is, if and only if there is a computable function <i>f</i> such that <i>f</i>(<i>n</i>) is equal to 1 if <i>n</i> ∈ <i>A</i>, and 0 otherwise.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">But the question posed isn't one of classifying integers, it's one of classifying <i>Hamiltonians</i>. Given a Hilbert space, there are uncountably many Hermitian operators on the space, and so we can't code up the full decision problem in natural numbers that we can feed into a Turing machine.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">What Cubitt at al. do is to construct a family of Hamiltonians that depend on a real parameter <i>φ</i>, such that the system is gapped for some values of <i>φ</i>, and gapless for others. Clearly, if this restricted problem is undecidable, then the general problem is.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">So, let's think about decision problems on the reals. How should we think of the question of whether a given subset <i>A</i> of the reals is algorithmically decidable?</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I can think of a few ways to do this.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There is a widely accepted notion of a computable function on the reals. We could adopt that, and ask whether there is a computable function <i>f </i>such that <i>f</i>(<i>x</i>) is equal to 1 if <i>x</i> is in <i>A</i>, and 0 if not.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Alternatively, one could restrict the problem to the computable reals. There are only countably many of those, and they can be indexed by the code-numbers of the Turing machines that compute them. We could ask whether there is a computable function<i> f</i> such that <i>f</i>(<i>n</i>) is equal to 1 if <i>n</i> is the index of a Turing machine that computes a real number <i>x</i> that is in <i>A</i>, and equal to 0 if<i> n</i> is the index of a Turing machine that computes a real number <i>x</i> that is not in <i>A</i>. We don't care what it does when <i>n</i> is not the index of a machine that computes a number; it can fail to halt, for all we care.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">One could restrict the problem to rationals. We can index the rationals by natural numbers, and we can ask whether there is a computable function <i> f</i> such that <i>f</i>(<i>n</i>) is equal to 1 if <i>n</i> is the index of a rational number in <i>A</i>, and equal to 0 if it's not.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> In effect, Cubitt et al. showed that the problem they posed is undecidable in sense 3. And that's by far the hardest question of the three, and doing so took a lot of work.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Clearly, if a problem is undecidable in sense 3, it's undecidable. But I want to claim that sense 1, which is far weaker, is really the relevant sense. This is, perhaps, disappointing, because it makes the question of decision problems on the reals into a boring one. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">First: what is a computable function on the reals? The standard answer, known as Grzegorczyk computability, is reminiscent of floating point computation. A program that computes a real function works with rationals as approximations to inputs and outputs. Suppose you want the program to compute the value of <i>f</i>(<i>x</i>) within a certain rational degree of precision ε. You provide the program with ε<i>, </i>and with rational approximations to the input <i>x</i>. The program is allowed to request closer and closer approximations to the input, which you are obliged to provide, but it has to halt and yield an approximation, within ε, to <i>f</i>(<i>x</i>), after finitely many steps.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is, I think, the notion of computable function relevant to decision problems in physics. If you are asked to decide whether a given physical system, characterized by certain parameters, is in one class or another, you can ask the experimentalists to provide you with values of the parameters, but they will only be able to yield approximations within experimental error. You might ask them for better and better information about the relevant parameters, but, if you are to render a decision, you have to do so with only an approximation to the input parameter.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It's easy to see that, on this notion of a computable function on the reals, all computable functions are continuous. Which means that, in sense 1, there are no non-boring decision problems.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This strikes some people as counter-intuitive. But it is, I claim, the right answer.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here's why. Recall that a sequence {<i>x<sub>n</sub></i>} of real numbers is a <i>computable sequence</i> if and only if there is a computable function that yields rational approximations, within 2<sup>-<i>m</i></sup>, to <i>x<sub>n</sub></i>, as a function of <i>n</i> and <i>m</i>. I claim that</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">a necessary condition for a function <i>f</i> on the reals to be a computable function is that it map computable sequences onto computable sequences, and </span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> a necessary condition for a set <i>A</i> of reals to be decidable is that, for every computable sequence {<i>x<sub>n</sub></i>}, the sequence {χ<sub>A</sub>(<i>x<sub>n</sub></i>)}is a computable sequence of 1s and 0s, where χ<sub>A</sub> is the characteristic function of<i> A</i>.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before reading on, taking a moment to ask yourself whether you agree.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">If you do agree that these are necessary conditions on the relevant notions, they have far-reaching consequences. Mazur (1963, Th. 4.28) proved the following (see also Weihrauch 2000, Th. 9.1.2).</span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">If <i>f </i> is a real-valued function on the reals that maps computable sequences to computable sequences, then, if {<i>a<sub>k</sub></i>}is a computable sequence that converges to a computable limit <i>a</i>, the sequence {<i>f</i>(<i>a<sub>k</sub></i>)} converges to <i>f</i>(<i>a</i>).</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Suppose, <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">now, <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">that y<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ou accept <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">what I suggest<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ed, above, should be taken t<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">o be <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">a necessary condition for a subset of th<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">e<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> reals to be d<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ecidab<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">le. Then this <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">means that e<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">quality is u<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ndecidable<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">.<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Deci<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">din<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">g whether a real number<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> is in the singleton set {0} is an undeci<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">dable pro<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">blem. Similarly for simple subsets of the reals; <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the inter<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">val [0, 1] is undecidable.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">What people who work in computable analysis do, in light of this, is to replace questions of deciding membership in a set of reals with other questions. We can, for example, ask whether, for a given set <i>A</i>, there is a computable function is equal to 1 in the interior of <i>A</i>, equal to 0 in the exterior, and is undefined on its boundary. Or we can ask whether the distance function <i>d<sub>A</sub></i>(<i>x</i>), defined as the greatest lower bound of |<i>x</i> – <i>y</i>| for <i>y</i> ∈ <i>A</i>, is a a computable function. See Weihrauch 2000, Chs 4 & 5 for more on this sort of thing.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It seems to me that, given a fixed Hilbert space, one ought to be able to extend notions like these to subsets of the set of all Hermitian operators on the space. It would be interesting to see how the spectral gap problem looks from that point of view.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <b>References</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cubitt, Toby S., David Perez-Garcia, & Michael M.
Wolf, “Undecidability of the spectral gap” <i>Nature</i>
<b>528</b> (10 December 2015), 207–211.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mazur, S. (1963). Computable Analysis<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. <i>Rozprawy Matematyczne</i> <b>33</b>, 1-111.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Weihrauch, Klaus (2000). <i>Computable Analysis</i>. Springer.</span></span>WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-28074495450213201732015-12-10T14:46:00.003-05:002015-12-10T16:29:21.630-05:00Generic Undecidability of Decision Problems in a Continuous Space: Is undecidability of the spectral gap surprising?<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">An article by Toby S. Cubitt, David Perez-Garcia, and
Michael M. Wolf, “Undecidability of the Spectral Gap,” published today in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nature</i>, has been receiving some
attention (at least as judged by the number of my facebook friends who have shared
or commented on it!)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s been called “genuinely
shocking, and probably a big surprise for almost everybody working on
condensed-matter theory” (Christian Gogolin, quoted by Castelvecchi).
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I don’t mean to rain on anyone’s parade, but I wonder
whether it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">should</i> be regarded as
surprising.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It seems to me that the result
follows from something that is well-known in the field of computable analysis:
undecidability of equality of real numbers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Turing machines operate on integer inputs; to deal with real
numbers, we use rational approximations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since there are countably many rationals, we can index them by
natural numbers; pick your favourite enumeration, and let <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">q<sub>k</sub></i> be the rational number indexed by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">k</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A real number <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">x</i> is computable
if and only if there is an algorithm that delivers rational approximations to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">x</i>, as a function of desired degree of
accuracy; that is, if there is an algorithm that delivers <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">k</i>(<i>m</i>) as a function of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">m</i>, such that the distance between <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">x</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">q<sub>k</sub></i><sub>(<i>m</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">) </i></sub>is
always less than 2<sup>–<i>m</i></sup>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A sequence of numbers {<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">x<sub>n</sub></i>} <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">computable sequence</i> if and only if there
is an algorithm that delivers a rational number that is within a distance 2<sup>–<i>m</i></sup> of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">x<sub>n</sub></i>, as a function of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n
</i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">m</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now, if I hand you an algorithm for computing a number <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">x</i> (or an oracle that delivers rational
approximations to any desired degree of precision), can you decide whether or
not the number is equal to 0?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">If the number is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not </i>equal
to 0, then knowing a sufficiently precise rational approximation to the number
will tell you that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But if you keep computing
closer and closer rational approximations and don’t find the number bounded
away from zero, then you don’t know whether the number is zero, or whether a
closer rational approximation will bound it away from zero.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You don’t know when to stop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This should sound familiar, as it is reminiscent of the
Halting Problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, in fact, it is
easy to show that the undecidability of equality is equivalent to the Halting
Problem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Given a Universal Turing machine <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">T</i>, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is easy to construct a
computable sequence {<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">x<sub>n</sub></i>} such
that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">x<sub>n</sub> </i>is greater than
zero if <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">T </i>halts on input <i>n</i> and is equal to zero if it doesn’t<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(see my <a href="http://philpapers.org/archive/MYRCIQ.pdf" target="_blank">1995</a> and <a href="http://publish.uwo.ca/~wmyrvold/DPEntang.pdf" target="_blank">1997</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, if we could effectively decide which
members of the computable sequence {<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">x<sub>n</sub></i>}
are equal to zero, we could solve the halting problem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This means that, if we have <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">any</i> decision problem that asks whether a given quantity that is a
calculable function of real-valued input parameters is equal to zero or not, it’s an
undecidable problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All computable
functions on the reals are continuous!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Weihrauch 2000, Th. 4.3.1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is why I’m not surprised by the Cubitt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al.</i> result. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The result concerns 2-dimensional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L</i><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">×</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lattices of spins, with nearest-neighbour
interactions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The system is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gapped</i> if there is a number <i>γ</i> such that, for sufficiently large <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L</i>, the difference between the energy of
the ground state and the energies of all excited states is at least <i>γ</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The system
is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gapless</i> if, in the thermodynamic
limit, it has continuous spectrum above the ground state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The authors construct a family of interaction
Hamiltonians <i>h</i>(<i>φ</i>),
depending on an input parameter <i>φ</i>,
such that whether or not the spectrum is gapped depends on the value of <i>φ</i>, and they rig things so that there is a computable sequence of numbers {<i>φ</i>(<i>n</i>)} such that whether or not the system with interaction
Hamiltonian <i>h</i>(<i>φ</i>(<i>n</i>)) is gapped or gapless depends on
whether or not a Universal Turing machine halts on input <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">If all that is needed to show that the problem is
undecidable is to construct a family of Hamiltonians, depending on input
parameter <i>φ</i> , such that there is a
computable sequence {<i>φ<sub>n</sub></i> }
of input parameters such that the system is gapped if a Universal Turing
Machine halts on input <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n</i> and gapless
if it doesn’t, then I can’t help but wonder whether it could be done more
simply.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Suppose we construct interactions <i>h</i>(<i>λ</i>) such that whether the system
is gapped or gapless depends on whether the input parameter <i>λ</i> is greater than zero. Then, without further ado, there is, as mentioned above, a
computable sequence {<i>λ<sub>n</sub></i>} of
input parameters such that the system is gapped if a Universal Turing Machine halts
on input <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>n</i></span> and gapless if it doesn’t,
and we can conclude that the problem is not effectively decidable as a function
of the input parameter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">References</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Castevecchi,
Davide (2015), “Paradox at the heart of mathematics makes physics problem
unanswerable.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nature News</i>, 9 December 2015, <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/paradox-at-the-heart-of-mathematics-makes-physics-problem-unanswerable-1.18983">http://www.nature.com/news/paradox-at-the-heart-of-mathematics-makes-physics-problem-unanswerable-1.18983</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cubitt, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Toby S., David Perez-Garcia, & Michael M.
Wolf, “Undecidability of the spectral gap” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nature</i>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">528</b> (10 December 2015), 207–211.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Myrvold,
Wayne C. (1995). “Computability in Quantum Mechanics,” in Werner
DePauli-Schimanovich, Eckehart Köhler, and Friedrich Stadler, eds., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Foundational Debate: Complexity and
Constructivity in Mathematics and Physics</i> (Kluwer Academic Publishers,
1995), pp. 33–46. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Available at <a href="http://philpapers.org/rec/MYRCIQ">http://philpapers.org/rec/MYRCIQ</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">——— (1997). “The
Decision Problem for Entanglement.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
Robert S. Cohen, Michael Horne & John Stachel (eds.), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Potentiality, Entanglement, and Passion-at-a-Distance: Quantum
Mechanical Studies for Abner Shimony</i>. (Kluwer Academic Publishers), pp.
177–190.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Available at <a href="http://philpapers.org/rec/MYRTDP">http://philpapers.org/rec/MYRTDP</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Weihrauch,
Klaus (2000).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Computable Analysis: An Introduction.</i> Springer.</span></div>
WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-86039014820115569302015-10-27T18:41:00.001-04:002015-10-27T18:41:27.856-04:00Public Library Talk: Einstein and the AtomI'm giving a talk tomorrow (Wednesday, October 28), at the <a href="http://www.londonpubliclibrary.ca/locations/central" target="_blank">Central Branch of the London Public Library</a>, (251 Dundas Street), 7 PM, Stevenson & Hunt Room. The talk will be non-technical, and accessible to all. Please join me, if you can! <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Einstein and the Atom.</b></div>
<i> Abstract:</i><br />
Einstein’s name is widely associated with the “atom bomb,” via the
formula E = mc<sup>2</sup>. Less widely known is that he played a key role in
providing evidence that atoms exist at all. One of Einstein’s early
papers was an analysis of Brownian motion, the ceaseless dance of tiny
particles, such as pollen grains, suspended in a fluid. The dance of
pollen grains, Einstein realized, was evidence that they are being
buffeted by smaller particles, beyond microscopic resolution. This talk
will be about the ingenuity required to turn the visible into evidence
about the invisible.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRPCmkH2X5y02Jr6rZrKxjc2voTupkLiLI1ImEWqM2koLGKnWqnJKP5PId-_kRhvjUI6thhh0WyGJ58hZOnMxcNQnFJucs4IVpfuS4ROvoTh3WhMfM0-YTOxhqPM34TMsk5lVwV7si1Nw/s1600/einstein_philosophy_poster_2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRPCmkH2X5y02Jr6rZrKxjc2voTupkLiLI1ImEWqM2koLGKnWqnJKP5PId-_kRhvjUI6thhh0WyGJ58hZOnMxcNQnFJucs4IVpfuS4ROvoTh3WhMfM0-YTOxhqPM34TMsk5lVwV7si1Nw/s640/einstein_philosophy_poster_2015.jpg" width="414" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-57835048283403513412015-10-23T16:32:00.000-04:002015-10-23T18:27:01.915-04:00Was Einstein Wrong?<span style="font-family: inherit;">Some headlines from the past day or so:</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Dutch News</i>: <a href="http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2015/10/dutch-scientists-show-einstein-was-wrong-about-spooky-action/" target="_blank">Dutch scientists show Einstein was wrong about ‘spooky action’</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Time </i>magazine, <a href="http://time.com/4083823/einstein-entanglement-quantum/" target="_blank">What Einstein Got Wrong About the Speed of Light</a></span>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>The New York Times, </i></span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/22/science/quantum-theory-experiment-said-to-prove-spooky-interactions.html?_r=0" target="_blank">Sorry, Einstein.Quantum Study Suggests ‘Spooky Action’ Is Real.</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">This sort of thing is nothing new, of course. Many discussions of Einstein's attitude towards quantum mechanics suggest that Einstein simply refused to
accept a straightforward consequence of quantum mechanics: non-locality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Now, if you have no reason to believe something, and you don’t believe it, but it happens
to be true, then, in one sense, you’re wrong in your belief<span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">B</span>ut you can’t be
accused of being unreasonable or irrational.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So, in an uninteresting sense, Einstein was wrong, in not having beliefs
that scientists would </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">later </span> provide good evidence for.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the same could be said of everybody,
ever.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Einstein didn’t believe that nonlocality was a feature of
the world. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">But should he have?</i> Was he
wrong not to believe in nonlocality? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What reason did anyone have, in 1935, or in
the late ‘40s, when he wrote his fullest discussions of his attitude towards
quantum mechanics, for thinking that nonlocality was a feature of physical
reality?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">We can’t fault Einstein for not having read Bell’s 1964
paper, or for not having read the December 20, 1982 issue of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Physical
Review Letters</i>—after all, he was no longer alive by the time Doc Brown and Marty McFly arrived in 1955, and, be<span style="font-family: inherit;">sides,</span> as far as we know, they didn</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">’t bring literature of that sort with them. </span>We can't fault him, either, for not having read <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature15759.html" target="_blank">this week's issue of <i>Nature</i></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hindsight is 20-20, and we now know two
things that, as far as I know, nobody really knew during Einstein’s lifetime.</span></div>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Some quantum
correlations are not locally explicable. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Quantum
correlations persist when the systems are separated by a large distance.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The first, of course, is Bell's theorem, and the second we know through a series of increasingly impressive experimental demonstrations of violations of Bell inequalities. Re 1: As Bell himself emphasized, the mere fact that outcomes of spatially separated experiments are
correlated is <span style="font-family: inherit;">no<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span>indication of any sort of nonlocality. As you're reading this, someone else on the other side of the world might be reading the same words. No spooky action-at-a-distance is needed to explain this; nor is there any need for direct influence between the two of you, as there's a common source for what's displayed on your computer screen, and what is being displayed on the other side of the world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">As I’ve emphasized in earlier blog posts (<a href="http://www.rotman.uwo.ca/epr-80-years-on/" target="_blank">here </a>and <a href="http://filosothots.blogspot.ca/2015/10/bohrs-reply-to-epr-part-ii.html" target="_blank">here</a>), <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Einstein was not nearly as dogmatic about locality as he is sometimes painted to be.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He did not regard the assumptions of locality and separability as
non-negotiable; his attitude was that one could, indeed, drop them as
requirements on a physical theory, given good reason.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But he saw no reason to do so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He wrote, in 1948,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 22.5pt 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">if I consider the physical
phenomena with which I am acquainted, and especially those which are so
successfully comprehended by means of quantum-mechanics, then, nevertheless, I
nowhere find a fact which makes it appear to me probable that one has to give
up requirement II [of locality and separability]. For that reason I am inclined
to believe that the description afforded by quantum-mechanics is to be viewed …
as an incomplete and indirect description of reality, that will again be
replaced later by a complete and direct description (Einstein 1948<span style="font-family: inherit;">;</span> translation in Howard 1985).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Systems that are interacting or have interacted, and whose
quantum-mechanical state is entangled, have probabilistically correlated behaviour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That by itself isn’t enough to answer
Einstein’s challenge to point to a phenomenon that would count as evidence for a breakdown of locality.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> C</span>orrelations are already familiar in classical
probability theory: for example, if two classical <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>systems interact, a probability distribution that
represents thermal equilibrium will involve correlations between the two.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An answer to Einstein’s challenge would have
to give us some reason to think that quantum correlations aren’t like that.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">My question for historians: did anyone even <i>attempt </i>to
provide an argument of that kind, during Einstein’s lifetime?</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>References</b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-29055974907925513662015-10-16T15:28:00.000-04:002015-10-16T22:18:37.396-04:00Bohr's reply to EPR (Part III)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Did Bohr find a flaw in the EPR argument?</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
He says he did.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a
brief note (Bohr 1935a) published soon after the publication of the EPR paper, in
his fuller reply to EPR (1935b), and in his later (1949) recap of his
discussions with Einstein about QM, Bohr claims to have discovered an ambiguity
in the EPR reality criterion. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The EPR reality criterion reads:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">If,
without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty (i.e.
with probability equal to unity) the value of a physical quantity, then there
exists an element of physical reality corresponding to this physical quantity </i>(EPR
1935, p. 777).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
Here’s what Bohr says about the
alleged ambiguity:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
the wording of the above-mentioned
criterion of physical reality proposed by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen contains
an ambiguity as regards the expression “without in any way disturbing a system.”
Of course there is in a case like that just considered no question of a
mechanical disturbance of the system under investigation during the last
critical stage of the measuring procedure. But even at this stage there is
essentially the question of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">an influence
on the very conditions which define the possible types of predictions regarding
the future behavior of the system</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since these conditions constitute an inherent element of the description
of any phenomenon to which the term “physical reality” can be properly
attached, we see that the argumentation of the mentioned authors does not
justify their conclusion that quantum-mechanical description is essentially
incomplete (Bohr 1935b, p. 700; 1949, p. 324).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
EPR consider two systems that interact for a while, and
then, after a certain time, no longer interact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On the basis of this absence of interaction, they conclude that what is done
to the first system produces no change in the state of the second system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Bohr, this is ambiguous between
two readings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<ol>
<li>They
could mean that an experiment performed on the first system produces no
mechanical disturbance of the other. </li>
<li><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span>On
the other hand, they could mean that an experiment performed on the first
system has no effect on the types of predictions that can be made about the
other.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
I submit that there is no ambiguity, because (2) is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> a possible reading of what EPR
meant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">course</i> the choice of experiment done on one particle has an effect
on the sorts of predictions that can be made about the other; that’s the whole
point of the argument!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And EPR do note
that, since the choices are mutually exclusive, to make a choice means losing
the opportunity to make the other sort of prediction about the other particle:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
one would not arrive at our conclusion
if one insisted that two or more physical quantities can be regarded as
simultaneous elements of reality only when they can be simultaneously measured
or predicted. On this point of' view, since either one or the other, but not
both simultaneously, of the quantities <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">P</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Q</i> can be predicted, they are not
simultaneously real (p. 780).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Bohr says that that the conditions that define the possible
types of prediction that can be made about a system constitute an inherent
element of the description of any phenomenon to which the term “physical
reality” can be properly attached.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This sounds
to me as if he saying that being able to predict the outcome of a position “measurement”
is a condition for applying the concept of position, and being able to predict
the outcome a momentum “measurement” is a condition for applying the concept of
momentum. But, if that’s what he’s saying, he’s simply taking the out that EPR
offer at the end of their paper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
note that this way out has the consequence that the reality of properties of
one system depends on what is done to the other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If that is, indeed, what Bohr is saying, then
one wishes he had said so straightforwardly!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">References</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Bohr, Niels (1935a).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Quantum
Mechanics and Physical Reality. <i>Nature</i> <b>136</b>, 65.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
——— (1935b). Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical
Reality Be Considered Complete? <i>Physical Review</i> <b>48</b>, 696-702.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
——— (1949).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics,
in P.A. Schilpp, ed., <i>Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist</i> (Chicago: Open
Court Press), 199–241.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Einstein, Albert, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen (1935),
Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
<i>Physical Review</i> <b>47</b>, 777-780.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .5in;">
<br /></div>
WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-83840621728102143912015-10-15T17:52:00.000-04:002015-10-15T18:00:50.641-04:00Bohr's Reply to EPR (Part II)<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">In Part I, I claimed that Bohr simply took for granted the conclusion that EPR argue for, namely, that quantum mechanics does not yield a complete description of physical reality, and that where they part ways is the unargued-for suggestion that a more complete theory is possible.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">If this is right, why isn't it clear to every reader of Bohr's reply to EPR?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">The
reason, I think, is that it wasn't clear in Bohr's own mind. When I
read Bohr, it often seems to me that he is conflating two distinct
questions. One is the question of whether there could be a theory whose
state-descriptions go beyond what is allowed by quantum mechanics. The other is whether we might ever be in a position to know more about the
state of a quantum system than is allowed by the uncertainty relations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">They
aren't the same question. Think of classical mechanics. In classical
mechanics, a complete state-description is a specification of precise
values of all the system's dynamical variables. For systems composed of
many molecules, it would be hopeless to even come close to knowing the
precise state of the system, and so we resort to probability
distributions over the set of precise states. It is irrelevant, for the
way the theory is used, whether these limitations on knowledge of the
precise state are pragmatic limitations, or limitations in principle.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Einstein's
view was that quantum wave functions had a status similar to the
probability distributions used in classical statistical mechanics; they
represented incomplete knowledge of a precise state that would occur in
some other theory (not necessarily classical). If anyone, prior to
Einstein's death, presented a good argument for why one shouldn't think
of quantum states in this way, I haven't seen it. No such argument is
found in Bohr's reply to EPR.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Though I don't understand Bohr's response to Einstein, I do understand what Einstein attributes to Bohr as a reply, in his Replies to Critics in the Schilpp volume. There are two ways to reject the conclusion of an argument. One is to find a flaw in the reasoning; the other is to accept the reasoning that leads from premises to conclusion, and to reject one or more of the premises. Bohr's reply to EPR reads as if he thinks he's found a flaw in the reasoning; he says he's detected an ambiguity in the EPR reality criterion, an ambiguity fatal to the argument. But in the Replies, Einstein has Bohr reject a premise of the argument.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
Of the "orthodox" quantum theoreticians whose positions I know, Niels Bohr's seems to me to come nearest to doing justice to the problem. Translated into my own way of putting it, he argues as follows:<br />
</div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
If the partial systems <i>A</i> and <i>B</i> form a total system which is described by its <i>ψ</i>-function <i>ψ</i>/(<i>AB</i>), there is no reason why any mutually independent existence (state of reality) should be ascribed to the partial systems <i>A</i> and <i>B</i> viewed separately, <i>not even if the partial systems are spatially separated from each other at the particular time under consideration.</i></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
So: I understand that as a potential reply to EPR, though I also think that it would be incumbent on someone who replied that way to answer Einstein's challenge, at the end of the <i>Dialectica</i> article, to point to some phenomenon that suggests that we should reject the premise. </div>
<br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
As it appears to me, there can be no doubt
that the physicists who hold the quantum mechanical manner of
description to be, in principle, definitive, will react to these
considerations as follows: They will drop requirement II of the
independent existence of the physical realities which are present in
different portions of space; they can rightly appeal to the fact that
the quantum-theory nowhere makes explicit use of this requirement.</div>
<br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
I grant this, but note: if I consider the
physical phenomena with which I am acquainted, and especially those
which are so successfully comprehended by means of quantum-mechanics,
then, nevertheless, I nowhere find a fact which makes it appear to me
probable that one has to give up requirement II. (Einstein 1948, translation in Howard 1985)<br />
<br /></div>
I don't think that Bohr, or anyone else, answered that challenge in Einstein's lifetime. <br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>References</b></div>
<br />
Einstein, Albert (1948). Quanten-mechanik und wirklichkeit. <i>Dialectica </i><b>2</b>, 320–324 <br />
<br />
Einstein, Albert (1949). Remarks concerning the essays brought together in this co-operative volume, in P.A. Schilpp, ed., <i>Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist</i> (Chicago: Open Court Press), 665–688.<br />
<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .25in;">
Howard, Don (1985). “Einstein on
Locality and Separability.” <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>16</b>, 171–201.</div>
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<br /></div>
<br />WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-54744726154737142052015-10-15T17:51:00.001-04:002016-05-13T22:29:14.933-04:00Bohr’s reply to EPR (Part I)<span style="font-family: inherit;">80 years ago today, on October
15, 1935, Niels Bohr’s reply to “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical
Reality Be Considered Complete?” was published in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Physical Review</i>.
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It is a deeply puzzling document.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">One puzzle is why it exists at
all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>EPR’s argument is addressed to
physicists who regard quantum mechanics as yielding, in principle, a complete
description of physical reality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That’s
not Bohr.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For Bohr, QM doesn’t provide a
complete description of physical reality because it <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">doesn’t provide a description of physical reality at all</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was an integral part of Bohr’s philosophy
of quantum mechanics that any description of reality had to be in classical
terms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This meant, for instance, that,
because, classically, electrons are particles and light is a wave, any talk <span style="font-family: inherit;">of </span>matter waves o<span style="font-family: inherit;">r</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>light quanta is only a
symbolic expedient, not to be taken literally (see, e.g., Bohr 1929, p. 17). The
lesson of quantum mechanics, according to Bohr, it that we must give up the
quest for a complete description of reality, and settle for partial
descriptions in terms of complementary classical concepts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>EPR conclude, in their last paragraph, that
the “wave function does not provide a complete description of the physical
reality.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is something that Bohr
takes for granted; for him wave-functions are not descriptions of physical reality <i>at all</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Another source of puzzlement is
why, if a reply were needed, a single sentence would not have sufficed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In his contribution to the
volume, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Albert Einstein:
Philosopher-Scientist</i>, Bohr wrote, in connection with a precursor to the EPR argument,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In my opinion, there
could be no other way to deem a logically consistent mathematical formalism as
inadequate than by demonstrating the departure of its consequences from
experience or by proving that its predictions did not exhaust the possibilities
of observation, and Einstein’s argument could be directed to neither of these
ends (p. 229).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The same goes for the
EPR argument. EPR did not attempt to show that
the mathematical formalism of QM is inconsistent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They did not attempt to show that its
predictions depart from what is observed, and they did not attempt to show that
there are predictions that can be made about the results of observation that go beyond what one can get from QM. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> That is</span>, they did not attempt to show that QM was
inadequate, in any sense recognized by Bohr. Why, then, would the above-quoted
sentence not suffice as a reply to EPR?
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Here’s my conjecture about what
troubled Bohr about the EPR paper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Though he takes for granted what they strive to argue for, that QM cannot yield a complete description of physical reality, where he
departs from EPR is in the last line of their paper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They write, in conclusion,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">While we have
thus shown that the wave function does not provide a complete description of
the physical reality, we left open the question of whether or not such a
description exists. We believe, however, that such a theory is possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">That’s where Bohr and EPR part
ways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bohr accepts the conclusion that
EPR argue for, that QM cannot yield a complete description of physical reality; what he does not accept is the suggestion (not argued for by EPR) that a
more complete description is possible.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>References</b></span> </div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Bohr, Niels (1929).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Introductory Survey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atomic
Theory and the Description of Nature </i>(Cambridge University Press,
1934),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">(1935). Can Quantum-Mechanical
Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Physical Review</i> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">48</b>,
696-702.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">——— (1949).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological
Problems in Atomic Physics, in P.A. Schilpp, ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist</i> (Chicago: Open Court Press),
199–241.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Einstein, Albert, Boris Podolsky,
and Nathan Rosen (1935). Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality
Be Considered Complete? <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Physical Review</i>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">47</b>, 777-780.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span>WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-87008507742467856812015-09-05T16:32:00.003-04:002015-10-21T15:49:33.544-04:00Talking about Bell<div style="text-align: justify;">
On August 24, a paper was posted on the physics ArXiV (Hensen et al, <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.05949">http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.05949</a>)<b>, </b>
announcing achievement of what has been a long-standing goal in experimental work testing the Bell Inequalities: an experiment that closes both the locality loophole and the detector efficiency loophole at the same time.This was a bit poignant for me, as my teacher and mentor, Abner Shimony, who had taken a keen interest in experimental tests of Bell Inequalities (and one of the authors of the CHSH inequality, which is the one used in this experiment), and who was a keen advocate of attempts to close both loopholes, had passed away just two weeks earlier, on August 8 (<a href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/bostonglobe/obituary.aspx?pid=175473099" target="_blank">obituary here</a>).
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The paper has attracted well-deserved attention: it is the subject of write-ups in <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-spookiness-passes-toughest-test-yet-1.18255" target="_blank"><i>Nature</i></a>, <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/chadorzel/2015/08/27/new-experiment-closes-quantum-loopholes-confirms-spookiness/" target="_blank"><i>Forbes</i></a>, <i><a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/physics/2015/08/more-evidence-support-quantum-theory-s-spooky-action-distance" target="_blank">Science</a></i>, <i><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28112-quantum-weirdness-proved-real-in-first-loophole-free-experiment/," target="_blank">New Scientist</a></i>, and in <i><a href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/02/physicists-claim-loophole-free-bell-violation-experiment" target="_blank">Physics World</a></i>, among other places.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I think it’s great that people are talking about Bell’s theorem. But I want to advocate for a change in how we talk about Bell’s theorem, because I think some of the standard ways of talking are misleading. (And I want to emphasize that I don’t mean to single out the authors of the above-mentioned articles for criticism; I am impressed at the overall clarity of the accounts, and the complaints I’m making about how people talk about Bell’s theorem have to do with things that are very commonly said).
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Here are some of things I'd like to see change in the way Bell’s theorem is talked about.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1.<i> Hidden variables</i>. Bell’s theorem is often glossed as a no-go theorem for hidden-variables theories; this is suggested by both the <i>Nature </i>and <i>Science </i>articles (though, to be fair, the <i>Nature </i>article talks about “Einstein’s hidden variables,” by which might be meant a <i>local </i>hidden variable theory, which is what Einstein sought).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As Bell himself often stressed, Bell’s theorem is <i>not </i>a no-go theorem for hidden variables.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A hidden-variables theory is one that supplements the quantum state with extra structure, enough so that, for experiments (and other events) in which unitary quantum state evolution leads to a superposition of macroscopically distinct terms, the extra structure picks out one of the terms as the way things are. The best-known of these is the de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave theory, presented by de Broglie at the 1927 Solvay conference (see Bacciagaluppi and Valentini 2009) and revived by Bohm in 1952. Bell’s theorem does not rule out the de Broglie-Bohm theory! In fact, the theory served as an inspiration for it.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If you look at the essays in Bell’s <i>Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics</i>, there’s a recurring theme: there can be no no-go theorem for hidden-variables theories, because we actually have one (see, in particular, “On the impossible pilot wave”). In the first essay in the collection (written before, but published after, the second), Bell goes through several purported no-go theorems, and finds each of them wanting. He has an ace up his sleeve, which he reveals in the last section; he knows that any such proof must rest on an assumption that is violated by the pilot-wave theory; his strategy is to identify the premise and ask whether it’s physically well-motivated.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. <i>Local realism. </i>It is commonly said that “local realism” is what is ruled out by violation of the Bell Inequalities, where</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><i>Realism </i>is the assertion that the outcomes of any experiment are predetermined by the complete physical state of the system, and</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><i>Locality </i>means absence of action at a distance.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(The terminology of “realism,” which can be traced back to Clauser & Shimony (1978), is a bit misleading, as one can be a realist in the sense of thinking that the physical world exists independently of us and doesn’t depend on our observation for its existence, while holding that some experimental outcomes are genuinely chancy events, not predetermined by even a complete description of the state of things. I note that the <i>New Scientist</i> article is misled by the terminology, glossing realism as the claim that “the universe is ‘real’ – our observing it doesn’t bring it into existence by crystallising vague probabilities.”)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It's true that the conjunction of “realism,” understood as above, and the absence of action-at-a-distance, entails the Bell Inequalities. But if that’s all you say about the conditions that imply the Bell Inequalities, then you might mislead the reader into thinking that, if you just abandon realism, you can have a theory that eliminates any sort of nonlocality. And that’s not right. There’s a locality condition, weaker than local realism, that is enough to entail the Bell inequalities; this is, roughly, the condition that all correlations be locally explicable, perhaps involving fundamentally chancy events, but with no correlations between distant events that aren’t explained in terms of conditions in the past. That locality condition is violated by quantum mechanics and any theory that violates the Bell Inequalities.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. <i>Spooky action at a distance</i>. So, there’s something nonlocal about a theory that violates the Bell Inequalities. And, if it’s a deterministic theory, the outcome of an experiment at Bob’s end of things can depend on Alice’s parameter setting, which is clearly a case of action at a distance.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
But, can we conclude, straight away, that any theory that violates the Bell Inequalities involves action at a distance?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I don’t think so. For a chancy theory, it’s not so clear that the nonlocality involved counts as action at a distance. This isn’t just because it can’t be used for signalling; there are theories, such as the pilot-wave theory, that have action-at-a-distance that can’t be exploited for signalling.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A number of people have argued that the sorts of correlations between distant events involved in a theory that takes quantum state collapse to be a chancy event ought not be thought of as involving action at a distance. For my take on the argument, see my "<a href="http://www.ijqf.org/archives/1875" target="_blank">Lessons of Bell's Theorem</a>," forthcoming in a volume on Bell. Not everyone agrees with this; see my back-and-forth with Travis Norsen on that site. But I think that, at the very least, one should not take for granted that every sort of nonlocality involves spooky action at a distance.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This is connected with the compatibility of Bell-Inequality violations with relativity; the key point is that, unlike cause-and effect relations as usually conceived, the relation between the events at Alice and Bob's wings of the experiment is symmetric, and, unlike cause-and-effect relations as usually conceived, does not require a temporal order between two events. And that means that theories that have that sort of relation, unlike theories that have action at a distance, can respect a relativistic causal structure, which requires that there be no temporal order between spacelike-separated events.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. <i>The Great Einstein Verb Shift</i>. Something funny happens when people start talking and writing about Albert Einstein’s thoughts on quantum mechanics: the thoughts turn into feelings, and the verbs used in sentences about Einstein become emotive words. We are told (by Brian Greene and Alan Alda, no less!) that <a href="http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2014/07/einstein-hated-quantum-mechanics-brian-greene-alan-alda-discuss/" target="_blank">Einstein “hated” quantum mechanics</a>. In the <i>Nature</i> article, there’s talk of “Einstein’s annoyance” and it is said that entanglement “galled” Einstein. In the <i>Science</i> article spooky action at a distance “bothered” Einstein, and it is said that he found wave-function collapse “unpalatable.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This is unfairly dismissive, I think. Einstein spent a lot of time thinking about quantum mechanics, and he concluded that the theory was incomplete. But this was not based on feelings about the theory; it was a reasoned judgment. He spelled out the argument in several places, most cleanly in an article published in <i>Dialectica </i>in 1948.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The argument rests on premises of <i>locality</i>, that is, absence of action at a distance, and <i>separability</i>, which says the physical state of a system that has two spatially separated parts can be specified by completely specifying the states of their parts.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
His attitude towards these principles was: <i>first</i>, that they are well-entrenched principles of physics, <i>second</i>, though they need not be regarded as immutable, they ought not to be abandoned without a good reason, and <i>third</i>, that nobody—not Bohr, not Heisenberg, or anyone else—had provided good reason. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Here’s what he said, at the end of the <i>Dialectica</i> article.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote>
As it appears to me, there can be no doubt that the physicists who hold the quantum mechanical manner of description to be, in principle, definitive, will react to these considerations as follows: They will drop requirement II of the independent existence of the physical realities which are present in different portions of space; they can rightly appeal to the fact that the quantum-theory nowhere makes explicit use of this requirement.<br />
<br />
I grant this, but note: if I consider the physical phenomena with which I am acquainted, and especially those which are so successfully comprehended by means of quantum-mechanics, then, nevertheless, I nowhere find a fact which makes it appear to me probable that one has to give up requirement II. For that reason I am inclined to believe that the description afforded by quantum-mechanics is to be viewed … as an incomplete and indirect description of reality, that will again be replaced later by a complete and direct description.<br />
<br />
In any case, one should be on guard, in my opinion, against committing oneself dogmatically to the schema of current theory in the search for a unified basis for the whole of physics. (Quoting from translation in Howard 1985).
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
I think he’s right about this; in 1948 nobody was able to point to a physical phenomenon that suggested that we would have to abandon the requirements of Locality and Separability. Things are different now, and they are different because of Einstein’s reflections on quantum mechanics; Bell’s theorem, which arose from Bell thinking hard about the EPR argument, and the subsequent experimental tests of the Bell Inequalities, do give us reason to think that an adequate physical theory will be, in some sense, nonlocal. But we might not have learned this were it not for Einstein’s reflections on quantum mechanics.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Let’s not belittle Einstein’s considered judgments about quantum mechanics by using language that suggests that these judgments were gut feelings.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
And, by the way, I think a case can be made that, though he thought it wasn’t the final story, Einstein did, indeed, appreciate what an advance in understanding quantum mechanics was, and that he liked it very much. See my earlier blog post, <a href="http://filosothots.blogspot.ca/2015/06/einstein-liked-quantum-mechanics.html" target="_blank">“Einstein liked quantum mechanics</a>.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>References</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><br />The preprint</i>: Hensen et al, “<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.05949" target="_blank">Experimental loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electrons spins separated by 1.3 km.</a>” Posted 24 August 2015. .</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>News articles reporting the experiment</i>:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Zeeya Merali, <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-spookiness-passes-toughest-test-yet-1.18255" target="_blank">Quantum ‘spookiness’ passes toughest test yet</a> <i>Nature </i><b>525</b> (7567), pp. 14-15. Online 27 August 2015.
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Chad Orzel, <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/chadorzel/2015/08/27/new-experiment-closes-quantum-loopholes-confirms-spookiness/" target="_blank">New Experiment Closes Quantum Loopholes, Confirms Spookiness</a>. <i> Forbes</i>. Online 27 August 2015.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Adrian Cho, <a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/physics/2015/08/more-evidence-support-quantum-theory-s-spooky-action-distance" target="_blank">More evidence to support quantum theory’s ‘spooky action at a distance’</a> <i>Science News</i>. Online 28 August 2015.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jacob Aron, “<a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28112-quantum-weirdness-proved-real-in-first-loophole-free-experiment/" target="_blank">Quantum weirdness proved real in first loophole-free experiment</a>” <i>New Scientist.</i> Online 28 August 2015.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hamish Johnson, “<a href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/02/physicists-claim-loophole-free-bell-violation-experiment" target="_blank">Physicists claim 'loophole-free' Bell-violation experiment</a>” <i>Physics World</i>. Online 2 September 2015.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>Other references</i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Bacciagaluppi, Guido, and Antony Valentini. (2009). <i>Quantum Theory at the Crossroads:<br />Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay Conference</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Bell, John S. (1987, 2004). <i>Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics</i>. Cambridge University Press.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Clauser, John F., and Abner Shimony. Bell’s theorem : experimental tests and implications. <i>Reports on Progress in Physics</i> <b>41 </b>(1978), 1881-1927. </div>
<br />
Howard, Don (1985). Einstein on Locality and Separability. <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science</i> <b>16</b>, 171-201.WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-91444173483698000372015-06-20T16:42:00.001-04:002015-06-20T18:41:08.799-04:00Lynch mobs, real and imaginedToday, of all days, with the horrible massacre in the Emanuel African Methodist Church in Charleston fresh in our minds, <a href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/science/article4475398.ece" target="_blank"><i>The Times</i> published an article</a> in which the folks who mocked Tim Hunt on the <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/distractinglysexy" target="_blank">#distractinglysexy </a>hashtag were referred to as a "lynch mob." (I think; it's not clear who, exactly, the lynch mob is meant to be; perhaps the editors of <i>Nature</i>, who ran an <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/sexism-has-no-place-in-science-1.17761" target="_blank">editorial </a>urging that all involved in science condemn Hunt's comments, are to be counted as part of the mob, as well.)<br />
<br />
Hunt is a retired scientist who was asked by University College London to resign from an honorary position that carries no salary. He has also <a href="https://royalsociety.org/news/2015/06/sir-tim-hunt-resigns-from-royal-society-awards-committee/" target="_blank">resigned from the Royal Society's awards committee</a>, though he remains a <a href="https://royalsociety.org/people/tim-hunt/" target="_blank">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>, despite what Boris Johnson might think. And though he claimed "I'm finished," in a<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jun/13/tim-hunt-hung-out-to-dry-interview-mary-collins" target="_blank"> plea for pity in <i>The Guardian</i></a> , it seems to me that, if he chose to, he could continue doing what he has been doing in the five years since his retirement, that is, public outreach for science. If, tomorrow, he issued a statement announcing that he's seen the error of his ways and offered to partner with some organization promoting the position of women in science (<i>e.g.</i> the <a href="https://www.wisecampaign.org.uk/" target="_blank">WISE campaign</a>), people would eat that up, I think. Or, if he wanted to do a lecture tour picturing himself as victim of Political Correctness, there are organizations that would eat that up, too.<br />
<br />
He has not been lynched. He hasn't even been sacked, in any serious sense of the word. Being sacked, for most people, would mean loss of livelihood. He has been <i>mocked</i>, and UCL has acted to distance himself from his remarks, after <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/06/10/the-non-apology-of-the-year-award-goes-to-nobel-scientist-who-thinks-women-just-cry-all-the-time/" target="_blank">Hunt himself made it clear that he wasn't going to do so.</a> And what he's doing these days, <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/20/sir-tim-hunt-gratitude-female-scientists-support-joke" target="_blank">as reported in the Guardian today</a>, is relaxing and looking forward to watching Wimbledon.<br />
<br />
Shall we recall what lynching is?<br />
<br />
Lynch mobs murdered people, mostly African Americans, brutally, and left their bodies hanging on trees as a warming to others that it could happen to them. A few months ago the nonprofit organization <i>Equal Justice Initiative</i> released a report, <i><a href="http://www.eji.org/lynchinginamerica" target="_blank">Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror</a>. </i>The report documents nearly 4,000 lynchings in the southern United States between 1877 and 1950, and "makes the case that lynching of African Americans was terrorism, a widely supported
phenomenon used to enforce racial subordination and segregation." <br />
<br />
The massacre in Charleston reminds us that the hatred that fueled lynch mobs is still alive.<br />
<br />
Although the title of the <i>Times</i> article is "Eight Nobel scientists condemn ‘lynch mob’," it's not clear which, if any, of the scientists mentioned in it used the phrase "lynch mob." The phrase doesn't, unless I've missed it, appear in the body of the article. I hope that the scientists who are quoted in that article will step up to distance themselves from that characterization.WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-47581159559618227832015-06-19T15:28:00.001-04:002015-06-19T19:19:20.890-04:00Einstein liked Quantum Mechanics<div style="text-align: left;">
“In my opinion, this theory [quantum mechanics] contains without doubt a piece of the ultimate truth.“ Einstein, in 1931. </div>
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“Quantum Mechanics represents an important and in some sense even conclusive advance in physical knowledge.” Einstein, in 1948.</div>
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Follow-up to my<a href="http://www.rotman.uwo.ca/epr-80-years-on/" target="_blank"> blog post last month about the EPR paper</a>, in which I griped about a pet peeve of mine, the persistent myth that Einstein disliked (sometimes it is said that he hated) quantum mechanics.
Einstein disagreed with Bohr and Heisenberg and others about the conclusions one should draw from the success of quantum theory, and he disliked the Copenhagen philosophy (or philosophies), but that’s not the same as disliking quantum mechanics. All the evidence I know of indicates that he appreciated as much, or more, as anyone else what a significant advance in physics the theory was.</div>
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It is true that one can find some negative comments in some letters. For example, one finds, in a letter to Ehrenfest, in January 1927, “My heart does not warm to <i>Schrödingerei</i>—it is uncausal and altogether too primitive” (quoted by Fine 1986, p. 27). But to put this in perspective, this is mild compared to Heisenberg’s comment on Schrödinger: “The more I reflect on the physical content of Schrödinger’s theory, the more disgusting [<i>abscheulich</i>] I find it” (letter to Pauli, June 8 1926, in Pauli 1979, letter 136). </div>
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In his <i>Dialectica </i>article (1948), Einstein wrote, “Quantum Mechanics represents an important and in some sense even conclusive advance in physical knowledge.” But perhaps this was a public pronouncement hiding private loathing?</div>
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One place to look for Einstein’s sincere attitude is in his recommendations for Nobel Prizes. These were confidential, to be seen only by the Nobel Prize committee, and they were influential; as we shall see below, the committee took Einstein’s recommendations very seriously. So, we can assume that Einstein is recommending for honours only the people that he<i> really thinks</i> deserve the honours. Abraham Pais, Einstein’s biographer, was given permission to see Einstein’s letters to the Nobel prize committee, and he reports what he found in an appendix of his biography, <i>‘Subtle is the Lord…’</i>. </div>
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Let us confine our attention to the recommendations made after the crucial period 1925-1927, which saw the genesis of quantum mechanics as we know it, primarily at the hands of Heisenberg and Schrödinger. Let us focus on his recommendations for theoretical physics, putting aside recommendations for experimental work and his numerous recommendations for Peace Prizes.</div>
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In 1928 he recommended that the prize be awarded either to de Broglie, Davisson, and Germer, for the proposal of electron waves and its experimental verification, or to Heisenberg and Schrödinger jointly. Other possibilities he floated were a prize to be shared between de Broglie and Schrödinger, for wave mechanics, or one to Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan, for matrix mechanics.The 1929 prize went to de Broglie.</div>
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In 1931 he recommended individual prizes for Schrödinger and Heisenberg. In his letter, he wrote,</div>
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“In my opinion, this theory contains without doubt a piece of the ultimate truth. The achievements of both men are independent of each other and so significant that it would not be appropriate to divide a Nobel prize between them.”</div>
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There was no prize awarded in 1931. In 1932 Einstein’s recommendation was a prize for Schrödinger. In 1932 the prize was awarded to Heisenberg, and in 1933, jointly to Schrödinger and Dirac.</div>
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His next recommendation for theoretical physics was in 1945, for Pauli, and in 1945 Pauli got his Nobel prize, for the exclusion principle.</div>
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And that’s it, in terms of recommendations for prizes in theoretical physics, after 1927. <i>Once quantum mechanics existed, Einstein, in his recommendations for Nobel prizes in theoretical physics, had no other concern than to honour its founders.</i></div>
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<b>References</b></div>
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Einstein, Albert (1948). Quanten-mechanik und wirklichkeit. <i>Dialectica </i><b>2</b>, 320–324. </div>
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Fine, Arthur (1986). <i>The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism, and the Quantum Theory</i>. University of Chicago Press.</div>
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Pais, Abraham (1982). <i>‘Subtle is the Lord…’: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein.</i> Oxford University Press.</div>
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Pauli, Wolfgang (1979).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel mit Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, u.a./Wolfgang
Pauli, Scientific Correspondence with Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, a.o. </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>A. Hermann, K. v. Meyenn, and V.F. Weisskopf, eds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Springer.</div>
WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-66820591417324656952015-06-05T11:50:00.000-04:002015-06-05T11:50:11.255-04:00CSHPS resolutionThough I wasn't there, I have heard from Lesley Cormack, president of the <a href="http://www.yorku.ca/cshps1/" target="_blank">Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Science</a>, that the topic of federal scientists' freedom to communicate was discussed at the Annual General Meeting on Sunday, May 31st, and that the Society has passed the following motion:<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<div>
M<i>oved:
The Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Science endorses
the principle of the federal scientists freedom to communicate, and
reaffirms the centrality of the ability of scientists to communicate for
the advancement of science.</i><br />
<br />
Kudos to CSHPS for standing up for science!!</div>
WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-4737372207345432102015-06-02T15:19:00.000-04:002015-06-22T09:58:31.562-04:00Guest post: From Siege to Partnership, by Heather Douglas<i>CBC Radio's Ideas is running a three-part series , <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/science-under-siege-1.3091552" target="_blank">Science Under Siege</a> , which airs Wednesday–Friday this week. <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/science-technology-society/people-profiles/heather-douglas" target="_blank">Heather Douglas</a>, Waterloo Chair in Science and Society, worked with the producer, Mary Lynk, on this series, and has graciously provided a commentary on the series. Further information about the series can be found <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/science-under-siege-part-1-1.3091552" target="_blank">here</a>.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Science Under Siege airs June 3, 4, 5, 9-10 PM, CBC Radio One. </i><br />
<br />
Science is under siege in contemporary society—from the muzzling of scientists, to the cutting of basic research, to a general neglect of the nature of, and importance of, science. Yet science is central to both our daily life and our ideals for rational human endeavors. These ideals undergird our political system (our belief that our societies should be democratic) and our educational system (our belief that an informed and capable citizenry is essential for democratic governance). How can we move from science under siege to a better relationship between science and the public?<br />
<br />
The first step is to understand the nature of science. As noted in the program, science is essentially an inductive process, a process that builds understanding of the world from pieces of evidence and continually tests that understanding against new evidence. The inductive nature of science means that science always has some uncertainty—we may discover that our current theories are wrong tomorrow. But this endemic uncertainty provides science with its strength. Because scientific claims are always open to future disproof, and because scientists operate in a culture that fosters criticism, scientific claims are robust.<br />
<br />
In order to support robust science, we must have open scientific communities (such that anyone can be trained to join them), open scientific communication (so that ideas can be scrutinized and critiqued), and open forums for debate (such as journals, conferences, and websites). That such social conditions are at the heart of science must be understood and supported by the public if science is to survive.<br />
<br />
Further, the openness of science creates opportunities for engagement between scientists and the public. Such engagement can be through communication of findings. It can be through participation of citizens in evidence gathering. It can also be through raising of concerns about what research is done, how it is done, and whether the evidence (never complete) is sufficient for a claim.<br />
<br />
These latter questions mean that social and ethical values are always relevant to science, and may be part of the public’s engagement with science. The public can ask whether it is wise to pursue certain lines of research over other lines of research. Scientists’ understanding about what is feasible (or not), and what might be gleaned from different lines of inquiry are of course important. But public concerns are legitimate reasons to move research in different directions.<br />
<br />
The public can also have legitimate concerns about how research is done. The public can raise questions about the moral acceptability of some experiments, and not just for human subjects but also for animal subjects or research that involves ecological risks. The public can also be concerned that research done in a narrow private interest can be distorted—either through the scope of the project or through distortion of evidence—violating basic scientific integrity, which at its heart is about respecting the evidence.<br />
<br />
Finally, even when the public thinks the right research has been done, and in a good way, the public may still find the available evidence insufficient. The public can have concerns about making a claim prematurely, or rejecting a claim for too long, and thus assess the available evidence differently than some scientists.<br />
<br />
Although social and ethical values are thus central to the relationship between science and the public, they should not override the available evidence. Skeptics should always be able to say what evidence would convince them. If they cannot, their belief is not based on science, but rather on ideology, and they should stop pretending otherwise. Science is not just about searching for flaws (no evidence is perfect), but also about figuring out what the best current take on the evidence is. We should expect each other to be able to articulate what evidence would be convincing, and so improve our public discourse about science.<br />
<br />
Finally, we should embrace the spirit of experimentation, not just with policy avenues, but with social structures to bring the public and experts together. There are many ways to bring the public into conversation with science, to rebuild the relationship, to allow for critical discussion and an airing of concerns. Such ways must be built on a common understanding of what science is and what it can achieve, as well as its limits. But with this shared understanding, the ways of collaboration open to us are as varied as our cultures, institutions, and imaginations.<br />
<br />
Scientists will always have special expertise, and this will pose problems for democratic systems. But the challenge need not be insurmountable; expertise should not be obscure and remote. With a better understanding of each other, and of the legitimate avenues for discussion and debate between science and the public, scientists and the public can build a new partnership.
WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-1839897961264010162015-05-30T17:13:00.003-04:002015-05-30T18:08:13.873-04:00I've started a blog.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
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</xml><![endif]-->So, I’ve started a blog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I’ve started a blog because, every once in a while, thoughts come into
my mind that I think others might find interesting, which are too small for a
journal article and too big for a Facebook post.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Postings on this blog will be sporadic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I make no pledge to update regularly.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Comments policy:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you
have something interesting to say about any of the posts, something to add, or
if you disagree with something I or another commenter has said, please
comment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ll be moderating, of course;
unmoderated comments threads fill up with spam or worse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main rule is: comments must be on topic,
and be respectful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Feel free to
disagree with me or with others, but explain your reasons, and treat everyone
as if they are intelligent people sincerely trying to understand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will be strict about this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you find yourself irritated by something
another commenter has said, or if you start to suspect that one of your
interlocutors is an idiot, incompetent, insincere, or just trolling, then it’s
time to stop engaging with that person; you’ve got better things to do than
fighting with an idiot on the internet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And, except in cases in which confidentiality is warranted by the subject
matter, your comments should be signed with your real name.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I expect that most of the posts will be about politics or
science or philosophy or some combination of those. <a href="http://filosothots.blogspot.ca/2015/05/for-federal-scientists-right-to.html" target="_blank">The first post was on politics</a> (and if you are an
academic who hasn’t yet signed the <a href="https://www.change.org/p/federal-government-of-canada-restore-federal-scientists-freedom-to-communicate" target="_blank">anti-muzzling petition</a>, please do so).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Next week there will be a guest post by
<a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/science-technology-society/people-profiles/heather-douglas" target="_blank">Heather Douglas</a>, about the CBC Ideas series, <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/science-under-siege-1.3091552" target="_blank">Science Under Siege</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If I get around to it, I’ll do something
soon, as a follow-up to <a href="http://www.rotman.uwo.ca/epr-80-years-on/" target="_blank">my post about the EPR paper</a> two weeks ago on the Rotman Institute blog, about Bohr’s
reply to EPR.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Those are the sorts of things I’ll be posting about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Welcome to my blog!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /></div>
WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2180213878983238960.post-84172352695725967422015-05-28T16:55:00.000-04:002015-05-29T20:25:59.278-04:00For Federal Scientists' Right to CommunicateLast week the CBC published an <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/steve-campana-canadian-biologist-disgusted-with-government-muzzling-1.3078587%20" target="_blank" title="Canadian scientist Steve Campana quits over government muzzling">interview with recently retired Fisheries and Oceans Canada biologist Steve Campana. </a>The interview was granted on the condition that it not be published until Campana retired, as he feared repercussions; according to Campana, federal scientists are working in a “climate of fear.”<br />
<br />
The issue has to do with restrictions that the federal government has placed on the ability of government scientists’ ability to communicate with the media and with the general public about the results of their work. In most departments, there are policies in place that require all media requests to be passed along to official media representatives. This often results in delays or no response at all;<a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/federal-scientist-media-request-generates-email-frenzy-but-no-interview-1.2759300" title="Federal scientist media request generates email frenzy but no interview"> last fall a media request for an interview with Fisheries and Oceans Canada scientist Max Bothwell </a>about <i>Didymo</i> algae (which, outside of scientific circles, is known as "rock snot") resulted in 110 pages of e-mails involving 16 different communications officials, but no story. In a more egregious case, in 2012 <a href="http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/when-science-goes-silent/" target="_blank" title="When Science Goes Silent">Environment Canada researchers attending a conference in honour of the International Polar Year</a> were accompanied by media relations officers to ensure that no unapproved communication with reporters took place.<br />
<br />
A recent study, <a href="https://evidencefordemocracy.ca/en/research/reports/canscientistsspeak" target="_blank" title="Can Scientists Speak?"><i>Can Scientists Speak?</i></a> by Evidence for Democracy has systematically examined communication policies in federal departments and has found that they impede open and timely communication between scientists and the media, and fail to provide protections against political interference in science communication.
As Chris Turner makes clear in his book, <a href="http://canadaswaronscience.com/" target="_blank" title="The War on Science"><i>The War on Science</i></a>, this is a drastic departure from practices that have long been observed by Canadian governments, of any party, wherever they lie on the political spectrum. The democratic ideal is that all constituencies have access to policy-relevant information, and then heatedly disagree about how to form policy on the basis of that information. The constraints on scientists’ ability to communicate is something new. As marine toxicologist Peter Ross put it in the CBC documentary,<a href="http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/episodes/2013-2014/the-silence-of-the-labs" target="_blank" title="The Silence of the Labs"> <i>The Silence of the Labs</i>,</a> “We are flying along in an airplane, and we’ve put curtains over the windshield of those pilots, of that flight-crew, and we’ve turned off the instruments.”<br />
<br />
Those of us who work in an academic environment enjoy the right to freely publicize our work (at least in so far as this doesn’t not infringe on confidentiality), and we understand the importance of communication for the advancement of knowledge. We should not turn our back on our colleagues who are in the public employ.
For that reason I have created a petition, aimed at researchers in academic institutions, calling on the federal government to implement policies that will ensure the freedom of scientists to communicate the results of taxpayer-funded research to the Canadian public. This is meant to complement the broader-based petition hosted by <a href="https://evidencefordemocracy.ca/" target="_blank" title="Evidence for Democracy">Evidence for Democracy</a>.<br />
<br />
Please sign, and share widely!<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.change.org/p/federal-government-of-canada-restore-federal-scientists-freedom-to-communicate?just_created=true" target="_blank" title="Petition">Petition: Restore Federal Scientists' Freedom to Communicate.</a><br />
<br />
© 2015 Wayne C. Myrvold
WayneMyrvoldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17862508459057431817noreply@blogger.com0